India, officially known as the Republic of India, is located
in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area and, as
of June 2023, the most populous country with a population of 1.5
billion. Since gaining independence in 1947, India has
maintained its status as the world's most populous democracy.
The country is rich in cultural diversity, with a Hindu pantheon
that includes approximately 3.3 million gods and numerous
temples dedicated to them. The scent of curry permeates the air,
as it is a staple of Indian cuisine, and many Indians follow a
vegetarian diet. Despite the overwhelming poverty that affects a
significant portion of the population, most Indians display
remarkable resilience and grace in their daily lives.
Delhi the Capital
Delhi, the vibrant capital territory of
India, is a sprawling metropolitan hub in the northern part of
the country that captivates with its rich history and cultural
diversity. At the heart of Old Delhi, a neighborhood with roots
tracing back to the 1600s, stands the awe-inspiring Mughal-era
Red Fort, a powerful symbol of India’s heritage. Nearby, the
majestic Jama Masjid mosque boasts a vast courtyard that can
host an impressive 25,000 worshippers, reflecting the spiritual
depth of the city. Chandni Chowk, a bustling bazaar just around
the corner, is a sensory delight—teeming with food carts, sweet
shops, and spice stalls that invite you to explore the flavors
of Indian cuisine. With a population exceeding 28 million, Delhi
is not just the largest metropolitan area in India; it is also
the second-largest in the world, trailing only Tokyo. Experience
the enchantment of Delhi, where every corner tells a story and
every moment offers a glimpse into the vibrant tapestry of
Indian life.
1.) India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the
largest employer in the world,
2.) All agencies and functions of the government
relating directly to national security and the Indian Armed
Forces,
3.) including the Indian Army, Indian Air Force,
Indian Navy, and Indian Coast Guard, New Delhi, India.
The Parliament of India serves as the supreme
legislative authority of the nation, embodying its democratic
ethos. New Delhi, India.
Rashtrapati Bhavan, home to the President of the
world's largest democracy, epitomizes India's strength, its
democratic traditions and secular character. New Delhi, India.
The India Gate of New Delhi, stands as a memorial
to 74,187 soldiers of the Indian Army who died between 1914 and
1921 in the First World War, New Delhi, India.
Lotus Temple, Baha'i House of Worship, dedicated to
public worship in 1986, The Baháʼí Faith is for people of all
religions to gather, reflect, and worship, New Dehli, India.
The Qutb Minar, a minaret and victory tower at
Delhi's oldest fortified city, built by the Rajputs in 1220 AD.
South Delhi, India.
Humayun's Tomb, built 1557, UNESCO World Heritage
Site, was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent, Old
Delhi, India.
1.) The Red Fort located in Old Delhi, historically
served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors and today
remains a major tourist attraction
2.) Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the
construction of the Red Fort in 1639, when he decided to shift
his capital from Agra to Delhi
3.) The fort represents the peak in the Mughal
architecture under Shah Jahan and combines Persian palace
architecture with Indian traditions, Old Delhi, India.
I on a Rickshaw in Delhi,
India, 2010
I on a Rickshaw in Delhi,
India, 2010
I on a Rickshaw in Varanasi
also known as Banaras, India, 2010
Auto Surfing on the top of a moving Van, Dehli,
India
My Taxi Rickshaw driver in Puri, Odisha, India
Bicycles & Cycle Rickshaws also known as
Pedicabs or Trishaws, Dehli, India
Auto Rickshaws, and Electric Rickshaws are popular
because of their low cost to hire, Dehli, India
Train Surfing if it's a overcrowded train, India
Train Surfing on the outside of a moving train is
reckless, dangerous, and illegal, despite this, it is still
practiced in India especially on overcrowded trains, India
Auto Rickshaws in Delhi, India
Cycle Rickshaw, in Dehli, India
Popular Ganges River cruise is an excellent way of
absorbing the river’s religious importance, Varanasi, India,
India
THE BHAJA AND KARLI CAVES
The Karla Caves, Karli Caves, Karle Caves
or Karla Cells, are a complex of ancient Buddhist Indian
rock-cut caves at Karli near Lonavala, Maharashtra. It is just
10.9 Kilometers away from Lonavala. Other caves in the area are
Bhaja Caves, Patan Buddhist Cave, Bedse Caves and Nasik Caves.
Bhaja Caves, 22 rock-cut caves, Pune, India, the
entrance facade of the chaitya hall, Shunga Dynasty, 2nd century
BC (A chaitya, chaitya hall, chaitya-griha, refers to a shrine,
sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions)
Bhaja Caves, closer detail of the entrance facade
of the chaitya hall, Shunga Dynasty, 2nd century BC
Bhaja Caves, Chaityagrha hall, Cave 12, with stupa,
is 26 feet 8 inches wide and 59 feet long
The Karli Caves, rock-cut facade of The Great
Chaitya prayer hall, or Cave No.8, This is the largest rock-cut
chaitya in India, measuring 124 ft. long, Andhra Dynasty, 1st
century, AD, Maharashtra, India
The Karli Caves, entrance facade of the chaitya
hall, the hall features sculptures of both males and females, as
well as animals such as lions and elephants, Andhra Dynasty, 1st
century, AD, Maharashtra, India
The Karli Caves, The outer porch, or veranda with
rock-cut relief sculpture, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, Pillar at entry of main chaitya
hall, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, pillar of the Great Chaitya, with
capital, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, The outer porch, or veranda with
rock-cut relief sculpture of Mithuna couple with elephants,
Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, The outer porch, or veranda with
rock-cut relief sculpture of Mithuna couple with elephants,
Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, rock-cut relief sculpture of
Mithuna couple near the entrance of chaitya hall, Andhra
Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, rock-cut relief sculpture of
Mithuna couple near the entrance of chaitya hall, Andhra
Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, Hall of the Great Chaitya with
Stupa, dimensions of the interior are 124 ft. 3 in. from the
entrance to the back wall, by 45 ft. 6 in. in width, Andhra
Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, close-up of the Hall of the Great
Chaitya with Stupa, Andhra Dynasty, 1st century, AD
The Karli Caves, close-up of the Stupa, Andhra
Dynasty, 1st century, AD
GWALIOR FORT
The Gwalior Fort, commonly known as the
Gwālīyar Qila, is a hill fort near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,
India. The fort has existed at least since the 10th century, and
the inscriptions and monuments found within what is now the fort
campus indicate that it may have existed as early as the
beginning of the 6th century
The Gwalior Fort, 15th century palace, Man Mandir
stands by the fort's gate, built by Man Singh Tomar between 1486
and 1516
The Gwalior Fort, commonly known as the Gwāliiyar
Qila, is a hill fort near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
The Gwalior Fort is an excellent example of 12th
century CE Rajput architecture
Broken Altar, Saas-Bahu Temples, Gwalior Fort,
Carvings inside the Sas Bahu Temple ceiling, Fort
complex, Gwalior
Inside the Man Mandir Palace Courtyard where musical
functions were performed, an excellent example of 12th Century
CE, Rajput architecture
Lion-Tomar Seal used for war times, Gwalior Fort
Carving of the Tomar Seal inside the Gwalior Fort
complex
Carved lion on pillar of Maan Mandir Palace in
Gwalior Fort
Gwalior Fort has Siddhachal Jain Temple Caves, carved
in the 7th to the 15th century, there are eleven Jain temples
inside the fort dedicated to the Jain Tirthankaras
On the southern side of Gwalior Fort are 21 temples
cut into the rock with intricately carved tirthankaras the
tallest is of Rishabhanatha at 58 feet 4 inches (17.78 m) high
The Teli ka Mandir is a Hindu temple built by the
Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja in the 9th century, It is the
oldest part of Gwalior Fort and has a blend of south and north
Indian architectural styles.
JAIPUR
Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, a state
in India. The city is deeply connected to the royal family the
Rajputs, who have ruled the region since 1727 and founded what
is now known as the Old City, or the "Pink City," named for its
distinctive building color. Notable attractions in Jaipur
include the Jal Mahal and the Amber Fort, among many others. At
the heart of the city's organized street grid is the Hawa Mahal,
also called the Pink Palace, which features an opulent,
colonnaded City Palace complex. Today, Jaipur is celebrated for
its vibrant bazaars, impressive forts, ancient temples,
magnificent palaces, wildlife sanctuaries, beautiful gardens,
charming courtyards, and informative museums. A portion of the
City Palace still serves as a royal residence.
1.) Jal Mahal ("Water Palace") in the middle of the
Man Sagar Lake in Jaipur city
2.) built in 1699; and later renovated and enlarged
in the early 18th century by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Amber.
3.) The Jal Mahal Palace is an architectural
showcase of the Rajput style of architecture
1.) The top row of windows of the Hawa Mahal Palace
in the city built from red and pink sandstone known as the Pink
Palace,
2.) Jaipur was founded by Rajput chief of Kachhwaha
clan Jai Singh II on 18 November 1727,
3.) who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743.
detail of the windows of the Hawa Mahal, its
five-floor exterior is akin to a honeycomb with its 953 small
windows called Jharokhas,
Hawa Mahal translates to "Palace of Winds" in
English. It's famous for its intricate latticework windows.
These windows are designed to allow cool air to
circulate, hence the name.
One of four gates to the Pink Palace designed by
Pritam Niwas Chowk the Peacock Gate (Mor Gate) that represents
Lord Krishna's enchanting form playing his flute amidst the
peacocks in Vrindavan.
City Palace Gate entrance to Jaipur known as the
Pink City
Green Gate (Vatika Gate): The third gate to the
Pink Palace, Leheriya Gate, designed by Pritam Niwas Chowk, This
green gate is called the Leheriya (waves) gate, dedicated to
Lord Ganesha.
Interiors of the Hawa Mahal or Wind Palace, built
from red and pink sandstone in Jaipur
Imperial Guards at the Palace Gate entrance, Jaipur
known as the Pink City due to the dominant color scheme of its
buildings in the old city.
The inside view of Hawa Mahal Palace
1.) The Amber Fort and Palace, built in the 16th
century
2.) It served as the residence of the Kachwaha
rulers for centuries, highlighting its role as a royal palace.
3.) The fort's intricate architecture, courtyards,
gates, and palaces represent the opulence and artistic grandeur
of the era.
18th century frescoes inside the rooms of Nahargarh
Fort (tiger fort)
18th century Jali Screen inside Amber Fort
18th century frescoes inside the rooms of Nahargarh
Fort (tiger fort)
Courtyard Amber Fort, it is one of the principal
tourist attraction in Jaipur
Amber located high on a hill, it is one of the
principal tourist attraction in Jaipur Fort
Elephant rides at Jaipur, The Amber Fort, built in
the 16th century
In Jaipur India, Snake charming is the practice of
appearing to hypnotize a snake (often a cobra) by playing and
waving around an instrument, Jaipur
The practice was historically the profession of
some tribesmen in India well into the 20th century but snake
charming declined rapidly after the government banned the
practice in 1972, Jaipur
However Snake charming still continues and includes
handling the snakes or performing other seemingly dangerous
acts. Often the fangs of the cobras are removed or they sew
their mouths shut, Jaipur
Jodhpur, India
Jodhpur is a renowned tourist destination
known for Umaid Bhawan Palace one of the world's largest private
residences, Mehrangarh Fort, and temples, all set against the
stark landscape of the Thar Desert. It is often referred to as
the "Blue City" because of the distinctive blue color of the
buildings in its old town. This historic area is encircled by
the Mehrangarh Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates.
Located near the geographic center of Rajasthan, Jodhpur serves
as a convenient base for travelers exploring the region.
Mehrangarh Fort, a historic fort situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan,
stands atop a hill, rising about 122 meters (400 feet) above the
surrounding plains. The fort complex spans approximately 1,200
acres (486 hectares). It was initially built around 1459 by Rao
Jodha, the Rajput ruler of the Rathore clan, although much of
the existing structure was constructed by his successors in the
17th century.
The fort features seven gates, with the main entrance known as
Jai Pol, or "Victory Gate." This gate was built by Maharaja Man
Singh to commemorate his victories over the armies of Jaipur and
Bikaner in 1806. Another significant gate, Fatteh Pol, honors
Maharaja Ajit Singh’s victory over the Mughals. Inside the fort,
visitors can explore several palaces famous for their intricate
carvings and expansive courtyards. There is also the Chamunda
Mataji Temple and a museum that houses various relics. A winding
road leads to and from the city below. The impacts of
cannonballs fired by the attacking armies of Jaipur are still
visible on the second gate. To the northeast of the fort lies
the chhatri of Kirat Singh Sodha, a soldier who died defending
Mehrangarh. Umaid Bhawan Palace located in Jodhpur, is one of
the world's largest private residences. A part of the palace is
managed by Taj Hotels. It is named after Maharaja Umaid Singh,
grandfather of the present owner, Gaj Singh. The palace has 347
rooms and is the principal residence of the former Jodhpur royal
family. A part of the palace is a museum.
1.) Jodhpur is often referred to as the "Blue City"
because of the distinctive blue color of the buildings in its
old town.
2.) The historic area is encircled by the
Mehrangarh Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates.
3.) Mehrangarh Fort, a historic fort situated in
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, stands atop a hill, rising about 122 meters
(400 feet) above the surrounding plains.
1.) Mehrangarh Fort, built in 1459, Its walls, are 36
metres (118 ft) high and 21 metres (69 ft) wide, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan, India
2.) Mehrangarh Fort, has seven gates and seven
museums, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
3.) Mehrangarh Fort is a National Geological
Monument, noted for The Chamunda Mataji Temple, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan, India
1.) Mehrangarh Fort, built in 1459, Its walls, are 36
metres (118 ft) high and 21 metres (69 ft) wide, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan, India
2.) Mehrangarh Fort, has seven gates and seven
museums, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
3.) Mehrangarh Fort is a National Geological
Monument, noted for The Chamunda Mataji Temple, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan, India
The Hindu Pagoda Temple of 33 Crore Gods, which
houses images of various Hindu Gods, built in 1793, Mandore
Garden, Jodhpur, India
A Chhatri at Mandore, called a Cenotaph "empty
tomb", in Bada Bagh "Mandore Garden" built in the 18th century,
Jodpur, India
3.) The Royal Cenotaph (Deval), built in 1793,
Mandore Garden, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
1.) Umaid Bhawan Palace (Hindi: उम्मैद भवन पैलेस),
built in 1929, located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, is one of
the world's largest private residences.
2.) A part of the palace is managed by Taj Hotels.
It is named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the
present owner, Gaj Singh.
3.) The palace has 347 rooms and is the principal
residence of the former Jodhpur royal family. A part of the
palace is a museum.
THE GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the
oldest stone structures in India, and an important monument of
Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the
Mauryan emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. Its
nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over
the relics of the Buddha.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi complex,
No. 1, (“stupa” is Sanskrit for heap) built in the 3rd century
BCE by Mauryan King Ashoka, it is the oldest buddhist structure
in the world and has had a significant influence on Indian
architecture and sculpture
Gupta Empire, Buddha Shakyamuni statue, meditating
in the lotus position, 4th century AD, The Great Stupa of Sanchi
complex
One of the most influential examples of sculpture
and narrative carving techniques in Indian history are the gate
toranas depicting the life of the Buddha, the Great Stupa of
Sanchi, 3rd century BC
The gateway toranas to the stupa is made up of two
square posts topped by capitals of sculptured animals or dwarfs,
surmounted by three architraves, which end in volute spirals
Gupta Empire, sitting Buddha Shakyamuni statue, 4th
century AD, The Great Stupa of Sanchi complex
top architrave: King of the Mallakas bringing the
relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara, middle architrave: Siege of
Kushinagara by the seven kings, bottom architrave: Temptation of
the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing,
Column ruins of temple 18 at the Stupa of Sanchi
complex, a 7th-century apsidal chaitya-hall temple, with an
Mauryan Empire foundation, from the 3rd century BC
Column ruins of temple 18 and view of the Great Stupa
with summit railing and 3 umbrellas that represent the three
Jewels of Buddhism, (a) Buddha; (b) dharma the law; and (c)
sangha the monastic community
Stupa No. 3, with railings and staircase, built
during the Shungas Dynasty, 1st century AD, the Great Stupa of
Sanchi complex
PAGODA ARCHITECTURE
Pagodas originated from Indian stupa
buildings, and were designed as Buddhist monumental structures
to hold important relics and artifacts. They were traditionally
built in the center of Buddhist temple structures, but later
grew to be more stand-alone buildings and were sometimes
constructed in pairs.
The Pagoda that spread across India to China evolved
from the three circular umbrella-like multi-tiered disks that
represent the three Jewels of Buddha on top of the Great Stupa
of Sanchi from the 3rd century BC. Learn more: The Great Stupa at Sanchi
White Horse Pagoda, one of the earlest Chinese
Pagoda's built in 384 CE, it is 12 metres (39 feet) high and 7
metres (23 feet) in diameter and consists of 9 levels in total,
Dunhuang, Gansu, China
Giant Wild Goose multi-tiered Pagoda, the style of
architecture is typical of traditional Chinese style on a square
base, built in 649 CE, Tang Dynasty, Xi'an, China
The Xumi Pagoda of the Buddhist Kaiyuan Monastery
west of Zhengding, China. This square-base stone and brick
pagoda was built in the year 636 AD during the Tang dynasty
Nyātāpola Temple in Bhaktapur is the tallest five
tiered pogoda in Nepal, 33.23 m (108.26 ft), built 1702,
Traditional Nepalese architecture, wood and bricks are the main
materials for construction, Deity; Devi in the form of Siddhi
Lakshmi,
Famen Buddhist Temple Pagoda, was rebuilt in 1579 as
a 13-storied brick-mimic-timber pagoda, Guanzhong, China.
GHATS IN VARANASI
Ghats in Varanasi are riverfront steps
leading to the banks of the Ganges river. The city has 84 ghats.
Most of the ghats are for bathing, praying, and ceremonies,
while two ghats, Manikarnika and Harishchandra, are used
exclusively as cremation sites. In the Hindu tradition,
cremation is one of the rites of passage, and the Ghats of
Varanasi are considered one of the favorable locations for this
ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a puja
(prayer) is performed by one or more Hindu priests. Sacred hymns
and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The
Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the
cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die
in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various
Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day.
India’s Holiest City At Varanasi, Hindu pilgrims come
to pray and to die along the sacred Ganges River, The city has
84 ghats. Most of the ghats are bathing and puja ceremonial
ghats
Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are used
exclusively for cremation in Varanasi, hindus believe that
Shiva, the god of destruction and re-creation, has made his home
here since the beginning of time
Lal Ghat & Gopreksheshvara Temple created in 1812
by the king of Tijara, Rajasthan, this ghat and temple attract
devout Hindus for sacred baths and worship, Varanasi, India
Darbhanga Ghat, built in 1900 is primarily dedicated
to various religious rituals related to last rite of cremation,
It is believed that a human's soul attains moksha, and hence
breaks the cycle of rebirth when cremated here, Varanasi, India
Ratneshwar Mahadev Mandir is one of the most
photographed temples in the holy city of Varanasi built in 1825,
it leans significantly towards the back side, and its generally
below the water much of the year, except for a few months during
the summer, Varanasi, India
Dhobi ghat, laundry at Ganga (Ganges) river, workers
wash the laundry by beating them on rocks, and then dry them on
clothes lines, Varanasi, India
Raj Ghat, Also known as Peshwa Ghat, built in 1807
by the Peshwa ruler of Pune. Presently the Annapurna Math and
adjoining palace have become the place of cultural performances
organized by Hotel Clarks for the foreign tourists, Varanasi,
India
Bhonsale Ghat, built in 1780 by the Maratha King
Bhonsale of Nagpur, Lakshminarayan Temple, Yameshwar Temple and
Yamaditya Temple are the major shrines on this ghat, Varanasi,
India
Manikarnika Ghat - Manikarnika Mahashamshan Ghat,
Varanasi, India
1.) In Hindu tradition, after cremation, it is common
for the deceased's ashes to be scattered in the Ganges River.
This practice is believed to help the soul reach heaven and
escape the cycle of rebirth.
2.) However, there are instances where bodies—either
partially or fully cremated, or even uncremated—are placed in
the river, often due to poverty or cultural practices.
3.) Additionally, there is a Hindu superstition that
states if cremated ashes end up on the empty side of the Ganges
River, the individual will be reincarnated as a donkey.
SARNATH
Sarnath is a place located 10 kilometres
northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the
Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India. According to Buddhist
tradition, Sarnath is where, circa 528 BCE, at 35 years of age,
Gautama Buddha taught his first sermon after attaining
enlightenment at Bodh Gaya
Chaukhandi Stupa, built in the 7th century, and the
octagonal tower on top was commissioned by emperor Akbar in
1567, the stupa marks the place where it is believed Lord Buddha
and his first disciples met, Sarnath
Carved into a rock pillar The Teachings of Lord
Buddha, Sarnath,
Dhamek Stupa built in the 5th century AD, Sarnath,
India, the stupa marks the precise location where the Lord
Buddha preached his first discourse to his first five disciples,
Sarnath
Ruins of ancient Sarnath from the 5th century, BC.
where the Lord Buddha preached his first discourse, Sarnath
Tibetan Buddhist Monastery in Sarnath, a peaceful
traditional Monastery that is a safe and bright space located
close to the main market area in Sarnath, it was constructed in
1955, Sarnath
Mulagandhakuti Vihara Temple, a modern Buddhist
temple and monastery built in the 1930s by the Sri Lankan
Mahabodhi Society, Sarnath
AGRA'S RED FORT
Historical Significance: Over the
centuries, Agra Fort witnessed significant historical events,
including the struggle for power among Mughal emperors, battles,
and the house arrest of Emperor Shah Jahan by his son Aurangzeb.
Mughal architecture, a type of Indo-Islamic architecture
developed during this time in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the
Indian subcontinent. It developed the styles of earlier Muslim
dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian
architecture. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of
structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender
minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways,
and delicate ornamentation
Agra’s Red Fort was built in 1504 in the style of
Indo-Islamic architecture, it's 1.6 miles from Agra’s most
famous monument, the Taj Mahal
Akbar the Great had the fort rebuilt in 1558 with
bricks in the inner core and red sandstone on external surfaces.
Between 1628-1658 Emperor Shah Jahan, created the
fort in its current state while he built the Taj Mahal in the
memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal
Musamman Burj, an octagonal look-out tower over the
River Yamuna, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, in 1657
Ruins of the Tomb of Sultan Parwiz, built in 1626,
next to the Tomb of Chini Ka Rauza, on the east bank of the
Yamuna river Agra’s Red Fort Complex
The Khass Mahal (the emperor's private residence
inside Agra Red Fort Complex) view across the river at the Taj
Mahal, built by Emperor Shah Jahan, in 1653
Agra Fort castle, fortified walls and look-out
towers built from red sandstone, a drawbridge crossed over a
moat full of hungry crocodiles
Agra’s Red Fort, Diwan-i-Am, magnificent stone-cut
arched walk ways,
Jahangir Palace, inside Agra Red Fort Complex
Agra’s Red Fort, vast colonnaded walkways, opposite
fortified walls and look-out towers
Diwan-I-Am or Hall of Public Audience, where the
emperor addressed the general public, built by Emperor Shah
Jehan, 1640, inside Agra Red Fort Complex
Diwan-I-Am or Hall of Public Audience, where the
emperor addressed the general public, built by Emperor Shah
Jehan, 1640, inside Agra Red Fort Complex
MUGHAL MAUSOLEUMS
In the land of cremation, a Hindu tradition
that has existed for thousands of years was the primary rite of
passage until the arrival of Islam. This led to the creation of
the Tomb Mausoleum, which stands in stark contrast to
longstanding customs. Humayun's Tomb, located in Delhi and built
in 1570, holds particular cultural significance as it was the
first garden tomb in the Indian subcontinent. It also marked the
beginning of the grand dynastic mausoleums that would become
synonymous with Mughal architecture. This architectural style
reached its zenith 80 years later with the Taj Mahal,
constructed in 1853.
This octagonal structure is fascinating, in the tomb
complex of Isa Khan Niazi, an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri's
court of the Suri dynasty, who fought against the Mughals, built
one of the first mausoleums in 1547 CE, Delhi, India
In the same tomb complex of Isa Khan is Humayun's
Tomb, built in 1557 CE, the first garden-tomb on the Indian
subcontinent, a precursor of Mughal mausoleum architecture,
Delhi, India
The Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah (Baby Taj), built in
1628, described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Bachcha
Taj" or the "Baby Taj", is often regarded as the prototype of
the Taj Mahal, Agra, India
Chini Ka Rauza, mausoleum of Afzal Khan Shirazi,
built in 1635, this architectural gem often goes unnoticed, it
showcases Persian tile work on its floors & walls.
The Mausoleum of Akbar the Great, died 1605, built in
1613, constructed in red sandstone and white marble, located in
Sikandra, a suburb of Agra, India
The Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, known as Jodha Bai,
wife of Akbar, died 1623, Agra, India
The Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal's unique aesthetic
qualities, defined by balance and symmetry, are fundamental
principles that enhance its visual appeal. These elements often
mirror each other around a central axis. Balance seeks a
harmonious distribution of visual weight, which can be achieved
through either symmetry or asymmetry. Recognized as an Islamic
masterpiece, the monument features verses from the Quran
inscribed on its walls, and its primary motif of flowers like
lilies, tiger claws and tulips are carved into marble and inlaid
with stones, using a technique called "pietra dura are adorned
with inlaid semi-precious stones such as coral, onyx, carnelian,
amethyst, and lapis lazuli, contributing to the splendor of its
white marble exterior and further links the monument to the
theme of paradise.
Often referred to as an architectural "symbol of love." in
popular literature, the Taj Mahal's purpose is subject to
various interpretations. One theory posits that it is not merely
a funeral monument and suggests that Shah Jahan might have built
a similar structure even if his wife had not died. Another
theory proposes that the Taj Mahal symbolizes a Divine
Throne—the seat of God—on the Day of Judgment, based on the
specific metaphors in the Qur'anic inscriptions and the
emperor's affinity for thrones. A third perspective posits that
the monument represents a replica of a house of paradise, while
the "paradisiacal mansion" theory argues that the Taj was
constructed as a vanity project to glorify Mughal rule and the
emperor himself. Learn more: The Taj Mahal
Moi and the Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal at sundown
Behind the Taj Mahal reflecting in the Yamuna river
at sunrise
1.) The Taj Mahal, a white marble Islamic
masterpiece, the Mausoleum
2.) of Mumtaz Mahal, built in her memory by her
husband
3.) Emperor Shah Jahan, built in 1653, Agra, India.
Looking directly at the Taj Mahal through the main
gateway of the (darwaza)
The main gateway (darwaza) entrance mirroring the Taj
Mahal
The Taj Mahal Mosque on the western side facing the
tomb
Architectural Details of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is made of white marble that was mined in
Northern India. It is inlaid with over 30 types of precious and
semi-precious jewels, including jade from China and lapis lazuli
from Afghanistan. Other stones used in its construction include
turquoise, sapphire, carnelian, and jasper. The white marble and
the incorporation of these precious stones symbolize purity, love,
and the grandeur of the monument. The architectural design of the
Taj Mahal is a fusion of Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles, with
a strong emphasis on geometric patterns, symmetry, and reflective
pools.
The total height of the Taj Mahal, along with its main central
onion dome, is 220 feet [67 meters] above ground. One of the
remarkable features of the Taj Mahal is its ability to change
color depending on the time of day. In the early morning light, it
can take on a beautiful pink hue, transitioning to brilliant white
at midday. In the evening, as the sun sets, the marble reflects
warm golden tones.
Detail of the reflecting pool a key design element
that enhances the symmetry and creates a stunning mirrored image
Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade showing the
great pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), showing relief of
floral designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic calligraphy,
inlaided with semi-precious stones.
The Taj Mahal finial; the onion dome is perched by a
gold gilded lotus bud and a crescent moon, it reaches 220 feet
[67 meters] above ground.
Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade and dome showing
relief of floral designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic
calligraphy, inlaided with semi-precious stones.
Detail of the Taj Mahal front facade showing the
great pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), relief of floral
designs, geometric shapes, and Arabic calligraphy, inlaided with
semi-precious stones.
Detail of colorful impressions of floral design and
geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones
Detail of geometric shapes inlaid with semi-precious
stones,
Detail of the inlaid flower blooms and jali
latticed screen of perforated stone surrounding the tomb
Detail of the Tomb for Mumtaz Mahal and her husband
Shah Jahan, colorful floral design and geometric shapes inlaid
with semi-precious stones,
Detail of marble relief floral design on a wall
panel,
Detail of colorful floral design and geometric
shapes inlaid with semi-precious stones
Detail of a column capital wih colorful impressions
of flowers hanging from a trellis frameworks
Detail of colorful wall tiles with simple impressions
of flowers and tea pots on a white background
Detail of the Taj Mahal side facade showing the
pishtaq (a vaulted space with a facade), painted relief, inlaid
Arabic calligraphy and jali screen windows
Detail of a cut marble border
Detail of jali latticed screen of perforated stone
surrounding the tomb
Detail of jali screen window and entrance to the
inter tomb
Detail of marble relief floral design on a wall panel
Colorful floral and geometric design border inlaid
with semi-precious stones
1.) Detail of a arch wih colorful impressions of
floral borders, the shapes of the flowers remain simple,
2.) but display a fluidity of line typical of Mughal
design, 1653, Agra, India
1.) Detail of a marble relief floral design on the
wall with rows of naturalistic flowers of mixed botanical
species,
2.) representing heavenly flowerbeds, framed with
inlaid floral borders with semi-precious stones,
3.) Taj Mahal, 1653, Agra, India
1.) A repeating jharokha stone window motif,
2.) A jharokha is a ornate oriel window or balcony,
3.) often found in Indian architecture, Taj Mahal,
Agra, India
FATEHPUR SIKRI
Built during the second half of the 16th
century by the Emperor Akbar, Fatehpur Sikri (the City of
Victory) was the capital of the Mughal Empire for only some 10
years. The complex of monuments and temples, all in a uniform
architectural style, includes one of the largest mosques in
India, the Jama Masjid. The city was built massively and
preferably with red sandstone. The city's architecture reflects
both the Hindu and Muslim form of domestic architecture popular
in India at the time. Fatehpur Sikri is now a World Heritage
site. The Panch Mahal , or Palace of Five Storeys, and the
Buland Darwaza, a massive gate which provides entrance to the
complex, number among the finest specimens of Mughal
architecture, and it is even arguable that Fatehpur Sikri is the
greatest accomplishment of Mughal architecture, The remarkable
preservation of these original spaces allows modern
archaeologists to reconstruct scenes of Mughal court life, The
shortage of water and turmoil in the country's northwest is
thought to be the key reasons for the city's abandonment. After
Akbar moved the imperial capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore,
and then to Agra, the city was abandoned by 1610.
1.) Buland Darwaza, or the "Door of victory" built
in 1573
2.) by Emperor Akbar to commemorate his victory
over Gujarat,
3.) It is the main entrance gate to the Jama Masjid
at Fatehpur Sikri
1.) Entrance to the Jama Mosque, also known as the
Jama Masjid,
2.) a 16th-century Sufi Friday mosque,
3.) built by Akbar the Great, 1571, Fatehpur Sikri,
India
1.) The Anup Talao is a pavilion completed in 1576.
It is set in the centre of a pool in the courtyard of the
Fatehpur Sikri,
2.) The pavilion is also known as "Char-Chamad",
referring to the four bridges. Located north of the imperial
apartments in the Mahal-i Khass courtyard (Khwabgah),
3.) Northeast of Hujra-i-Anup Tala-u a pavilion
housed Akbar’s guests. Fatehpur Sikri, India
1.) Anup Talao, A ornamental pool with a central
platform and four bridges leading up to it, important buildings
of the royal enclave surround it,
2.) left of the pool; The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five
level Palace'
3.) right other side of the pool; The Diwan-i-Khas
or Hall of Private Audiences, Fatehpur Sikri, India
Jodha Bai Mahal Palace, built by Akbar 1569, in
Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Birbal Bhavan Palace, adviser to the emperor, built
by Akbar 1571, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Buland Darwaza (lit. 'High Gate'), built by Akbar
in 1575 as the main entrance to the Jama Masjid Mosque, (the
highest gateway in the world) in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District
of Uttar Pradesh, India
Jodha Bai Mahal, the largest palace in Fatehpur
Sikri, commissioned by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1569, Agra,
District of Uttar Pradesh, India
The long hallways of Jama Mosque, a 16th-century
Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex opened in 1571, Fatehpur
Sikri, Agra, India
The Mughal Harem of the emperors of the Indian
subcontinent. built by Akbar 1570, Agra, India
The Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audiences, was
a chamber in the Red Fort of Delhi built-in 1648 as a location
for receptions, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India
The Buland Darwaza, (Gate of Victory) is the main
entrance to the Jama Masjid, built in 1575 CE by Akbar, it is
the highest gateway in India, standing at 54 meters (177 feet)
high, Fatehpur Sikri, India.
The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace'
consisting of four stories of decreasing size arranged
asymmetrically on the ground floor, which contains 84 columns,
Agra, India
Mogul architecture at its best, the carved
redsandstone central column of Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private
Audiences), built by Akbar, 1570, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India
Out side the Jama Masjid, a 16th-century Sufi
Friday mosque and dargah complex, built by Akbar 1570, Fatehpur
Sikri, Agra, India
Outside colonnade of the Jami Masjid mosque at
Fatehpur Sikri, built by Akbar 1570, Agra, India
Buland Darwaza, or the "Door of victory", (inside
view) construction was started in 1573 by Mughal Emperor Akbar
to commemorate his victory over Gujarat, Agra, India
The long hallways of the Jama Mosque, is a
16th-century Sufi Friday mosque and dargah complex, opened in
1571, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India
Astrologer's seat by the Treasury in Akbar's fort
built 1570, Fatehpur Sikri, India
The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace'
consisting of four stories of decreasing size arranged
asymmetrically on the ground floor, which contains 84 columns,
Agra, India
The Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audiences, was
a chamber in the Red Fort of Delhi built-in 1648 as a location
for receptions, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, India
The Panch Mahal meaning 'Five level Palace' was
commissioned by Akbar. This structure stands close to the Zenana
quarters which supports the supposition that it was used for
entertainment and relaxation.
The imposing gate located directly opposite the
Jami Masjid is also known as the King's Gate built by Akbar
1578, in Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Detail of Jodha Bai Mahal' is the largest palace in
Fatehpur Sikri commissioned by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1569 for
his favourite queen consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known as
'Jodha bai' .
Buland Darwaza: Set into the south wall of
congregational mosque at Fatehpur Sikri is 54 metres (177 ft)
high, built by Akbar 1570, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Panch Mahal, 'Five level Palace' built by Akbar
1578, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India
The tomb of Islam Khan, 1613, in the courtyard of
the Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri, India
Jami Masjid Mosque Gate from inside, built by
Akbar, 1571, Fatehpur Sikiri, India
1.) Tomb of Sufi Salim Chishti, at Jama Masjid
Courtyard, the tomb is enclosed by 19 jali latticework screens,
2.) made of perforated marble on all sides, and is
considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in
India,
3.) to see a compilation of the 19 Jali screens;
click
on this link (then click on the hour glass to enlarge
the image and scroll to the left to start)
PURI in the state of Odisha
Puri, located in the state of Odisha,
(formerly Orissa the official name until 2011) is a holy town
known for the Jagannath Temple, dedicated to Vishnu. The temple
complex covers an area of over 37,000 square metres (400,000 sq
ft), and is surrounded by a fortified wall 6.1 metres (20
ft)-high known as Meghanada Pacheri. It contains at least 120
temples and shrines, with its sculptural richness and fluidity
built in the Kalinga architecture, it is one of the most
magnificent temples of India. The main tower is the highest in
Odisha, it rises to a height 65 metres (214 ft) and crowned on
the top with a Neelachakra, an eight-spoked wheel of Vishnu.
Puri is a short bus ride south of Bhubaneswar, the largest city
in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. A memorable trek on a bus
into the city will show multiple street processions celebrating
life, death and mystery with particular excitement and
reverence. Hari Krishnas dance joyfully in groups on the beach
while strings of families submerge themselves in the water
without removing clothes and elephants carry happy children in
the sand.
1.) The Grand Road of Puri, goes through the center
of town , located on the east coast of India on the Bay of
Bengal, with great food and plenty of ancient temples to
explore.
2.) The Jagannath Temple at Puri is one of the
major Hindu temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture,
11th century, AD.
3.) The beach at Puri, known as the "Ballighai
beach, at the mouth of Nunai River", it has golden yellow sand
& sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic attractions.
Jagannatha Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, Lions
entrance, 11th CE, Puri, Odisha, India
Jagannatha Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, crowning
the top is the Neelachakra, an eight-spoked wheel rising to a
height 65 metres (214 ft), the highest in Odisha, 11th CE, Puri,
Odisha, India
Jagannatha Temple, known for the "Akhanda Jyoti" or
"Infinite Flame," burning for 800 years at the top of the
temple, 11th CE, Puri, Odisha, India
Japanese buddha temple, Subha Buddha Purnima/
vesak, Puri, Orissa, India
Cycle rickshaws next to a ancient banyan tree,
Puri, Odisha, India.
Sri Saraswata Gaudiya Asan Temple, Puri, Odisha,
India.
Lord Chaitanya spent the
last part of his life in 1525 at the abode of the Mahaprabhu
Jagannath, Puri, Orissa, India
Yamraj, also called Yama, is the Hindu god
responsible for judging the dead and determining their fate,
Puri, Odisha, India.
Hindu Home Worship, a Shrine of Lakshmi, the Hindu
goddess of wealth, fortune, and abundance Puri, Odisha, India
Lord Chaitanya, Hindu Mystic & Master Teacher
of Krishna, born 1485, Bengal, India, died 1533, Puri, India.
Radha consort of Krishna (in blue) the god of
protection, compassion, tenderness, and love, Puri, Odisha,
India.
Festival of Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge,
music, flowing water, abundance and wealth, art, speech, wisdom,
and learning, Puri, Odisha, India.
Lord Nilamadhaba, Aswa Dwara, Horse Gate, Jagannath
Temple, Puri, Odisha, India
Bronze Statue of Gandhi on his famous Dandi March
(Salt March) against the British salt tax, 1930, Gandhi Park,
Puri, Odisha, India.
Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge, music,
flowing water, abundance and wealth, art, speech, wisdom, and
learning, Puri, Orissa, India.
Before the epic Mahabharata war, Lord Krishna,
Arjuna's charioteer and advisor, imparted the teachings of the
Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna, Puri, Odisha, India
Krishna the god of music, compassion, tenderness,
and love, Puri, Odisha, India Puri, Odisha, India.
Statue of Vijaya at the entrance of the Jagannath
Temple, Puri, Orissa, India.
1.) Puri Temple drawing from the book: Linde des
Rajas Voyage Dans Centrale, Date: 1877, Author: Louis Rousselet,
Puri, Odisha, India, public/domain
2.) Puri Temple drawing from the book: Linde des
Rajas Voyage Dans Centrale, Puri, Odisha, India
Minor temples to the south of the main Jagannath
temple in Puri, Date: 1890, Author: Mukherji, Poorno Chander,
Puri, Odisha, India, public/domain
Mukteshvara Temple with decorative torana arched
gateway, 900 CE. Shiva, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, (formerly Orissa
the official name until 2011) India
I in front of Mukteshvara Temple, Shiva, Side view,
900 CE. Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Lingaraj Temple, 900 CE, Shiva, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Bramheswara Temple, Devadasi tradition 10th CE,
Shiva, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Svarnajalesvara Temple, 11th CE, Shiva, Khordha
district, Odisha, India
Parsurameswara Temple, 650 CE, Shiva, Bhubaneswar
Odisha, India
Dhauli Temple Buddha, 20th CE, Hindu, Odisha, India
Dhauli Temple, 20th CE, Hindu, Odisha, India
Dhauli Temple, 20th CE, Hindu, Odisha, India
Abandoned temple, probably 10th CE, Puri, Odisha,
India
Abandoned temple, probably 10th CE, Puri, Odisha,
India
Abandoned temple, probably 10th CE, Puri, Odisha,
India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Sea people village, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
Village elephant camp, Puri, Odisha, India
KONARK SUN TEMPLE
Konark is an outstanding testimony to the
13th-century kingdom of Orissa and a monumental example of the
personification of divinity, thus forming an invaluable link in
the history of the cult of Surya, the Sun God. The architectural
style called the Surya Devalaya, it is a classic illustration of
the Odisha style of Architecture or Kalinga architecture.
1.) Long center view of Konark Sun Temple, Main
structure entrance, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 1250 CE,
2.) It is the pinnacle of Hindu Orissan
architecture. Dedicated to the Hindu Sun-god Surya, it reflects
the pinnacle of kalingan architecture and artistic excellence,
3.) what remains of the temple complex has the
appearance of a 100-foot (30 m) high chariot with immense wheels
and horses, all carved from stone.
1.) Konark Sun Temple, Main structure entrance,
Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha,
India
2.)
3.)
Konark Sun Temple, Main structure entrance, Hindu,
Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, view from the steps of Nata
Mandir, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark,
Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Ornamented Wheel of Karma,
Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha,
India
Konark Sun Temple, Architectural detail of stone
carved chariot wheel and temple , Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty,
13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Surya, the Hindu Sun God, Hindu,
Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Front entrance view of Nata
mandir (the dance hall) with 2 rampant lions standing upon a
crouching elephants, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th-century,
Konark, Odisha, India
1.) Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief with karmic
wheels, 13th-century Konark, Odisha, India
2.)
Konark Sun Temple, Front entrance view of Nata
mandir (the dance hall), Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty,
13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief, couple in
amorous pose of the Karma Sutra, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty,
13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief, woman in
sensuous pose of the Karma Sutra, Hindu, Eastern Ganga dynasty,
13th-century, Konark, Odisha, India
Konark Sun Temple, Sculpture relief, Naga Mithuna
are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent
beings, are worshipped as underworld beings protecting water
resources, Hindu, 13th-century, Odisha, India
Temple of Kanarug, Medium: Drawing, Artist: James
Fergusson, Date: 1847, Source/Photographer: Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Columbia
University, New York City, 10027
1822 drawing: of the elevation of the east side of
the Mandapa of the Temple of the Sun, Konarak, India, Victoria and Albert Museum, Victoria
and Albert Museum, London, 2025
Konark Sun Temple, Konark, India, Date: 1850,
Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection Boston
Public Library Boston Public Library
KHAJURAHO
The Khajuraho temples in Madhya Pradesh
are renowned for their Nagara-style architectural symbolism and
intricate erotic sculptures. Most of these temples were
constructed between 950 and 1050 AD by the Chandela dynasty.
Historical records indicate that the Khajuraho temple site
originally had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over an
area of 20 square kilometers (7.7 square miles). However, only
about 25 temples have survived, now covering an area of six
square kilometers (2.3 square miles). The temple complex
remained forgotten and overgrown by jungle until 1838, when a
British engineer named T.S. Burt visited the site and reported
his findings in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
The temples are particularly celebrated for their Nagara-style
architecture and their erotic sculptures, which are inspired by
the Kamasutra. All the extant temples in Khajuraho including the
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple were inscribed in 1986 under the
UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its
artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the
Chandelas that was dominant until the country was invaded by
Muslims in 1202.
Kandariya Mahadev Temple The star of Khajuraho is
the Kandariya Mahadev Temple, built during the reign of
Vidyadhara, around 1003-1035 CE. It stands 102 feet tall from
the ground to the Kalash (the topmost point) and is 66 feet
wide, with the plinth of the temple itself measuring 13 feet
high. Kandariya is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple
within the medieval temple group located in Khajuraho, and
Kandariya is considered one of the best-preserved temples from
the medieval period in India, with Lord Shiva as its main deity.
The temple's structure resembles a mountain, featuring a series
of 'shikharas' (spire-like structures) of varying heights
arranged in ascending order. The name "Kandariya" originates
from the word 'Kandara,' which means cave. Thus, "Kandariya
Mahadev" translates to "Lord Shiva's cave," a concept that is
somewhat reflected in the temple's architecture. Various windows
are designed to resemble a cave.
The outer walls of the temple are adorned with sculptures
arranged in three vertical layers. These sculptures depict
heavenly beings, such as 'Apsaras' and their male counterparts,
'Gandharvas,' in various stages of life. Among these figures,
erotic sculptures are beautifully interspersed, showcasing
couples in intimate poses, accompanied by maidens and musicians.
This temple features a remarkable number of representations of
feminine beauty and erotic acrobatics, totaling 872 statues.
Contrary to popular belief, erotic sculptures make up only about
10% of the total sculptures found in the Khajuraho temples.
Researchers have identified over eighty unique depictions of
copulation related to the traditions found in the Kama Sutra. In
contrast, most sculptures illustrate everyday life scenes,
including depictions of gods and goddesses, mothers with their
children, wives and lovers waiting for their partners, as well
as musicians, warriors, games, dances, hunting, journeys,
processions, elephants, and various other creatures.
1.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is the largest and
most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at
Khajuraho, built in 1035 CE
2.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is considered one of
the best-preserved temples from the medieval period in India,
3.) The name "Kandariya" originates from the word
'Kandara,' which means cave, thus, "Kandariya Mahadev" meaning
"the Great God of the Cave" or "Lord Shiva's cave"
1.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple; The outer walls of
the temple are adorned with sculptures arranged in three
vertical layers. (isometric view)
2.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple; Some of the
sculptures depict heavenly beings, such as 'Apsaras' and their
male counterparts, 'Gandharvas,' in various stages of life.
(Wide-angle lense view)
3.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple; Among these figures,
erotic sculptures are beautifully interspersed, showcasing
couples in intimate poses, accompanied by maidens and musicians,
(worms eye view)
The Kandariya Mahadev Temple is famous for its
intricate carvings, including the prominent erotic sculptures.
These sculptures, often depicted as "Kama Sutra" scenes, are part
of a larger collection of relief carvings that adorn the temple's
exterior and interior. The temple, built in the 11th century,
showcases a unique blend of religious symbolism and detailed
depictions of human life, including erotic scenes.
1.) Kandariya Mahadev Temple, outside exterior,
erotic sculpture relief, are a major attraction among visitors;
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
1.) Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, sculptures of
various Gods, their consorts, female figures and mythological
characters;
2.)
3.)
The Chitragupta Temple of Surya (sun god),
consecrated 23 February, 1023 CE, during Shivaratri, Khajuraho,
India.
The Javari Temple, A Hindu Temple dedicated to the
Hindu deity Shiva, built between c. 975 and 1100 A.D.,
Khajuraho, India
The Visvanatha Temple, Hindu, 10th-century,
Khajuraho, India
Devi Jagadambika Temple, 10th-century, Khajuraho,
India
Lakshmi Hindu Temple, dedicated to Goddess
Lakshmi, consort of Lord Vishnu, 10th CE, Khajuraho, India
Pratapeshwar Temple, is the chhatri of Raja Pratap
Singh, who built the Temple as a memorial to himself in 1854,
Khajuraho, India
Chaturbhuj Temple, built by the Chandelas, 10th CE,
Khajuraho, India
Vishnu Idol statue inside Chaturbhuj Temple, built
by the Chandelas, 10th CE, Khajuraho, India
Parshvanatha Temple, Jain, 10th-century,
constructed by a prominent Jain family between 950 and 970 CE,
it is the largest Jain temple in Khajuraho, India
Adinatha Temple, a Jain temple dedicated to the
tirthankara Adinatha although its exterior walls also feature
Hindu deities, 11th CE, Khajuraho, India
Parsvanath Temple, Jain, built by the Chandelas,
10th CE, Khajuraho, India
Shantinatha Temple, 10th-century, Jain, Khajuraho,
India
Vamana Temple, Hindu temple dedicated to Vamana, an
avatar of the god Vishnu. built between 1050 and 1075,
Khajuraho, India
Brahma Temple is a ninth or early tenth century
temple and is located on the banks of Khajuraho Sagar lake,
although titled after the Hindu god Brahma, the temple is
dedicated to Shiva, Khajuraho, India
The Lakshmana Temple, 10th-century Hindu temple
built by Yashovarman during the Chandela dynasty, Khajuraho,
India
General view from the north-east of the Kandariya
Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Date: 1871, Photographer: James
Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
Visitors encounter the Maharajah of Chutterpore, at
Kajraha [Khajuraho]; a print from 1878; click on the image for a
very large scan Source: ebay, June 2007 unknown Author
General view from the south-east of the Visvanatha
Temple, Khajuraho, Date: 1871, Photographer: James Fergusson,
1808-1886, Collection Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
General view of the Javari Temple, Khajuraho, Date:
1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
Rear view of the Chaturbhuja Temple, Khajuraho,
Date: 1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
General view of the Brahma Temple, Khajuraho,
Date: 1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
General view of the Chitragupta Temple, Khajuraho,
Date: 1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
General view of the Adinatha Temple, Khajuraho,
Date: 1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
Rear view of the Vamana Temple, Khajuraho, Date:
1871, Photographer: James Fergusson, 1808-1886, Collection
Boston Public Library Boston Public Library
UDAYGIRI & KHANDAGIRI CAVES
Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, formerly
called Kattaka Caves or Cuttack caves, are partly natural and
partly artificial caves of archaeological, historical and
religious importance near the city of Bhubaneswar in Odisha,
India. The caves are situated on two adjacent hills, Udayagiri
and Khandagiri mentioned as Kumari Parvata in the Hathigumpha
inscription. They have a number of finely and ornately carved
caves built during the 1st century BCE. It is believed that most
of these caves were carved out as residential blocks for Jain
monks during the reign of King Kharavela. Udayagiri means
"Sunrise Hill" and has 18 caves while Khandagiri has 15 caves.
Udayagiri Caves, finely and ornately carved caves
built during the 1st century BCE, Odisha, India
It is believed that most of these caves were carved
out as residential blocks for Jain monks during the reign of
King Kharavela, 1st century BCE, Odisha, India, India
The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri, called lena
or leṇa in the inscriptions, these were taken out mostly during
the reign of Kharavela for the abode of Jain ascetics, 1st
century BCE, Odisha, India
In Udayagiri, Hathi Gumpha (cave 14) and Ganesha
Gumpha (cave 10) are especially well known for their
historically important sculptures and reliefs, 1st century BCE,
Odisha, India
Rani Gumpha is the largest and most popular cave
among the caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri. The word Rani means
"queen", 1st century BCE, Odisha, India
Khandagiri offers a fine view back over
Bhubaneswar from its summit. The Ananta Cave depicts carved
figures of women, elephants, athletes, and geese carrying
flowers 1st century BCE, Odisha, India
SIKKIM INDIA
Sikkim is a state in northeastern India. It
borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and
northeast, Bhutan in the east, Koshi Province of Nepal in the
west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is notable for its
biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well
as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in India and
third-highest on Earth (Elevation: 8,586 metres 28,169 ft.) The
Kingdom of Sikkim was founded by the Namgyal Dynasty (1460-1842)
in the 17th century. In 1975 a disputed referendum was held that
led to the dissolution of the monarchy and Sikkim joining India
as its 22nd state.
Sikkimese architecture showcases a fusion of Nepalese, Tibetan,
and Bhutanese architectural styles, resulting in a unique blend
tailored to the local environment and climate. It employs
techniques and materials well-suited to the region. The
intricate carvings and decorative elements, including prayer
flags and Buddhist symbols featuring vibrant blues, greens, and
reds, highlight the local craftsmanship and artistic traditions.
The use of lively colors and ornamental details can evoke a
sense of joy and excitement, uplifting individuals seeking
spiritual connection, mindfulness, or meditation. Traditional
Sikkimese architecture serves as a colorful reflection of the
local culture and environment. This distinctive combination
creates a look and feel that sets it apart from any other
architectural style in India.
1.) View of the entire Mt. Kangchenjunga range,
2.) Elevation: 8,586 metres, or 28,169 ft.,
3.) Sikkim, India
Namthöse (Vaiśravaṇa), one of the Four Heavenly
Kings, Cardinal direction: North, Name meaning: He who sees all,
Control: King of Yaksha, Color: Yellow or Green, Symbols:
Stupa, Umbrella & Mongoose, Thanka Art mural, 18th century,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Lord Ganesha, widely revered as the remover of
obstacles and thought to bring good luck; the patron of arts and
sciences; and the deva of intellect, 18th century, Ganesha wall
painting mural at Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Chenmizang (Virūpākṣa), one of the Four Heavenly
Kings, Cardinal direction: West, Name meaning: He who hears
everything, Control: King of Nagas, Color: Red, Symbols: Stupa, Serpent
& Pearl, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery,
Sikkim, India
Rumtek Monastery (in the fog) is a Tibetan gompa
located in the Indian state of Sikkim near the capital Gangtok
built in the 18th century, Sikkim, India
Rumtek Monastery (in the fog), Yülkhorsung
(Dhṛtarāṣṭra), one of the Four Heavenly Kings, Cardinal
direction: East, Name meaning: He who upholds the realm,
Control: King of Gandhabbas, Color: White, Symbol: Pipa,
Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Rotating 108 Mani Lhakor or prayer wheels around Do
Drul Chorten Stupa, The stupa was built by Trulshik Rinpoche,
head of the Nyingma order of Tibetan Buddhism in 1945, Gangtok,
Sikkim, India
Carved and painted dragon column, Sikkimese
architecture, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Carved and painted door, Sikkimese architecture,
18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Carved and painted pillar column, Sikkimese
architecture, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
The Big Buddha, left side, Guru-Lhakhang Monastery,
Gangtok, Sikkim, India
The Big Buddha, Guru-Lhakhang Monastery, Gangtok,
Sikkim, India
The Big Buddha, right side, Guru-Lhakhang
Monastery, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Hand painted, Wall mural of a Golden Dragon, 18th
century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Sikkim traditional toran door valance to Rumtek
Monastery with Lion sculpture protectors on top, 18th century,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Door knocker for Rumtek Monastery, 18th century,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Yülkhorsung (Dhṛtarāṣṭra), one of the Four Heavenly
Kings, Cardinal direction: East, Name meaning: He who upholds
the realm, Control: King of Gandhabbas, Color: White, Symbol: Pipa,
Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Hand painted murals at Entrace of Rumtek Monastery,
18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Phakyepo (Virūḍhaka), one of the Four Heavenly
Kings, Cardinal direction: South, Name meaning: He who upholds
the realm, Control: King of Kumbhandas, Color: Blue, Symbol: Sword,
Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Karma Shri Nalanda Institute, a buddhist temple
located in Rumtek, Sikkim, India
A local Rumtek Monastery monk at the door to say
hello, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Rumtek Monastery, Mural wall painting of Buddha
Shakyamuni, Sikkim, india
Architectural exterior window detail of Rumtek
Monastery, Sikkim, India
View from patio, OYO 12862 Hotel Lamaz, Residency,
Bodhi Marg, Gangtok 737101, India
Mokha is a popular endemic art, along with its
techniques painting external motifs, and patterns, floral and
geometric patterns, around windows and doors has been passed
down from one generation to the next, Sikkim, india
Painted Mural of Sikkim Nagas Dharma Protector,
18th century, Dharma Chakra Centre, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim,
India
Prayer flags, from Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Chenmizang (Virūpākṣa), one of the Four Heavenly
Kings, Cardinal direction: West, Name meaning: He who hears
everything, Control: King of Nagas, Color: Red, Symbols: Stupa, Serpent
& Pearl, Thanka Art mural, 18th century, Rumtek Monastery,
Sikkim, India
Lotus flower, sword of knowledge and sacred text,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Buddha Thangka Yin and Yang Painting, Rumtek
Monastery, Sikkim, India
Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles and thought
to bring good luck, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Do Drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Ornamental gankyil, Wheel of joy, A Sikkim
Buddhist symbol, Sikkim, India
Do Drul Chorten Stupa, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Double red doors at Rumtek Buddhist Monastery,
Sikkim, India
Darap village, known for Sikkimese Cuisine, Sikkim,
India
Lion Sculptures over entrance, guardian of
evil-spirits, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Local Sikkimese, decorative hand painting on wood,
Sikkim, India
Do-drul Chorten is a stupa in Gangtok, Sikkim,
India
Hand painted top door frame, 18th century, Rumtek
Monastery, Sikkim, India
Ornamental gankyil, Wheel of joy, A Sikkim Buddhist
symbol, Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Painted Ceiling and Mural, 18th century, Rumtek
Monastery, Sikkim, India
Sikkimese Monastery Painted Column, 18th century,
Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim, India
Novice monks attending Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim,
India
Sikkim painted wall mural, Wheel of Joy, Rumtek
Monastery, Sikkim, India
Novice monks attending Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim,
India
Vajrayogini, (spiritual awakening), Bodhisattva
statue, 17th century, Sanga Choeling Monastery, built 1697,
Pelling, Sikkim, India
Vajrasattva, (Buddha of Purification), Bodhisattva
statue, 17th century, Sanga Choeling Monastery, built 1697,
Pelling, Sikkim, India
Vajradhara, the primordial Buddha, (Dorje
Chang,"diamond-holder"), Bodhisattva, 17th century, Sanga
Choeling Monastery, built 1697, Pelling, Sikkim, India
Wall mural of seated bodhisattvas, 18th century,
Pemayangtse Monastery, Sikkim India
CitiPati guardian deities, two skeletons in dancing
pose, Ngor Style wall paintings, 18th century, Pemayangtse
Monastery, Sikkim, India
View from my guest house room, Mt. Kangchenjunga
the third highest mountain in the world, Elevation: 8,586
metres, or 28,169 ft. Sikkim, India
Mt. Kangchenjunga the third highest mountain in
the world, situated in the Himalaya on the border of Nepal and
India, Elevation: 8,586 metres 28,169 ft., Sikkim, India
I with Mt. Kangchenjunga in the background, the
third highest mountain in the world, 28,169 ft., Sikkim, India
JAISALMER FORT, RAJASTHAN, INDIA
I spent a week at Jaisalmer Fort, an
architectural marvel nestled in the heart of the Thar Desert,
Rajasthan, India. It was constructed in 1156 AD by the Rajput
dynasty, a prominent Hindu royal family that ruled North India
from the 6th to the 12th centuries. This magnificent fort stands
as one of the very few "living forts" in the world, with nearly
one-fourth of the vibrant old city's population continuing to
call it home after more than 860 years. Perched atop a hill that
rises a stunning 250 feet (76 meters) above the surrounding Thar
Desert, the fort is an imposing presence that commands
attention. The fort is encircled by a formidable 15-foot (4.6
meters) tall wall, which serves as the outermost ring of its
intricate triple-ringed defense architecture. Historically, the
entire population of Jaisalmer once dwelled within these
fortified walls. Today, this iconic structure still retains a
resident population of about 4,000 people, predominantly
descendants of the Brahmin and Rajput communities.
As I explored the labyrinthine passages of Jaisalmer Fort, I
found myself drawn to the seven must-see historic Jain temples,
constructed with exquisite yellow sandstone between the 12th and
16th centuries. Jainism, one of the three major world religions
that originated in India alongside Hinduism and Buddhism, finds
its sacred expressions in these temples. Inside, devotees
encounter twenty-four sacred statuettes known as Tirthankaras,
typically seen in the serene lotus position, symbolizing the
path to liberation. The ultimate aspiration of Jainism is the
liberation of the soul, or jiva, from the cycle of rebirth, a
goal achieved through the meticulous elimination of accumulated
karma. This transformative journey necessitates the disciplined
cultivation of knowledge and mastery over one's bodily passions.
When these passions are completely subdued, and all karma is
eradicated, one becomes a Jina, a “conqueror,” who transcends
the bounds of rebirth.
Jain philosophy envisions a multi-layered universe encompassing
realms of both heavenly bliss and a tormented existence. To
navigate these cosmic dimensions, followers must adhere to Jain
doctrines that advocate for a life steeped in peace and
discipline. These guiding principles emphasize non-violence in
every aspect of existence—whether verbal, physical, or
mental—along with the importance of truthfulness, sexual
monogamy, and detachment from material possessions. Consistent
with their commitment to such an ethical lifestyle, Jains are
typically strict vegetarians, often embracing a rigorous
practice of non-violence that permeates their everyday lives.
Jaisalmer Fort, known as Sonar quila the “Golden
Fort, built on the triangular shaped Trikuta Hill, a Fortified
Castle built in 1156 AD by a Hindu Royal Family, The Rajputs,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
A Cattle farm outside of the fortified walls of
Jaisalmer Fort on top of Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan,
India
A Cattle farm outside of the fortified walls of
Jaisalmer Fort on top of Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan,
India
Jaisalmer Fort, was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Fortified Jaisalmer Fort is Perched 250 feet [76
metres] high on Trikuta Hill, the fort is the largest living
fort in the world, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
looking up at Jaisalmer Fort built on the
triangular shaped Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Desert Haveli Guest House, Jaisalmer Fort, near
all Jain Temples, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Fort on Trikuta
Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Looking up at Jaisalmer Fort, before the main
entrance, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Castle hilltop at
night illuminated by flood lights, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Castle hilltop at
night illuminated by flood lights, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Looking up 250 feet at Jaisalmer Castle hilltop at
night illuminated by flood lights, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Main Entrance to Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan, India
Suraj pol is one of the three gates of Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Ganesh Pol Gate is one of the three gates of
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Inside Jaisalmer Fort looking down Fortified
walls on Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Inside Jaisalmer Fort looking down Fortified
walls on Trikuta Hill, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Rajmahal Palace, inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan, India
Shantinatha & Kunthunatha
Jain Temple, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Parshvanatha Jain Temple, Jain
temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Sambhavanatha Jain Temple, Jain
temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Shitalanatha Jain Temple, Jain
temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Rishabhanatha Jain Temple, Jain
temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Jain
temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Dancing Jain Sculpture,
Sambhavanatha Jain Temple, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Hand carved stone Jain sculpture,
Parshvanatha Jain Temple, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Hand carved stone standing
Ganesha, elephant god of good luck, Rishabhanatha Temple, 15th
century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Interior of Hand carved stone,
Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Interior of Hand carved stone,
Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Interior of Hand carved stone,
Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, inside Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Interior of ornately hand carved
sandstone pillars in Jain temple complex, 12-15th century,
inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Exterior of hand carved sandstone
figure of a lion, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century,
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Interior of ornately hand carved
sandstone pillars in Jain temple complex, 12-15th century,
inside Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Sambhavanatha, the 3rd Jain
tirthankara, with ornate sandstone sculpture of Sambhavanth Jain
Temple, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan,
India
Sambhavanatha Jain Temple ceiling
carvings, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Sambhavanatha Jain Temple detail
of ceiling carvings, Jain temple complex, 12-15th century,
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Colonnade of Parshvanatha Jain
Temple (the 23rd Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
visitor of Parshvanatha Jain
Temple (the 23rd Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Priest of Shantinath Jain Temple
(the 16th Jain tirthankara), Jain temple complex in Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Priestess of Jain temple complex
in Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Priest of Jain temple complex in
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Priest with Shantinath Statue
(the 16th Jain tirthankara), Jain Temple complex, 12th-15th
Century, Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India
Shantinath Temple (the 16th Jain
tirthankara), Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Sambhavanatha, the 3rd Jain
tirthankara, with ornate sandstone sculpture of Sambhavanth Jain
Temple, 12-15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan,
India
Jain tirthankara sandstone
sculpture, of Jain temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India
Golden Jain tirthankara statue in
Chandraprabhu Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Jain tirthankara statue of Jain
temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan, India
Jain tirthankara statue of Jain
temple complex (12-15th century) Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan, India
Jaisalmer Palace, example of 16th century Rajput
architecture, note: Polygonal geometry, latticework windows,
decorative carved relief surfaces, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Haveli, traditional townhouse or mansion with
intricate ornate yellow sandstone carvings, 16th century, Rajput
architecture, note: The bay-window overhang brackets with
extravagant detailing, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Jaisalmer Palace, again example of 16th century
Rajput architecture, note: the delicately sharp-ended, arched
roof overhangs, Jaisalmer Fort, India
A harokha stone window projecting from Jaisalmer
Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India
A Carved Stone Jharokha window projecting from
Jaisalmer Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India
A harokha stone window projecting from Jaisalmer
Palace, Jaisalmer Fort, India
A jali Latticework screen, usually with an
ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy,
geometry or natural patterns, 13th century, Jaisalmer Fort,
India
Decorative perforated stone in geometric Mughal
jali design, 15th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Architectual hand carved relief tile detail, 17th
century, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Ancient wooden door, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Temple doorway, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Ancient wooden door, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Stone sculpture of Kamadev at Jain Temple,
Jaisalmer Fort, India
Stone Carving of Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort,
India
Stone Carving of Jain Temple, Jaisalmer Fort,
India
Relief carving in stone of Ganesha, worshipped
Hindu elephant-headed god of good luck, Jaisalmer Fort,
Jaisalmer, India
Lord Ganesha in orange symbolizes divine blessing,
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Ganesh Marriage Sign, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
India
Sacred Cow of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Streets of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Hotel clerk of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Masterji, is a respectful and traditional way to
address a skilled craftsman or artisan, particularly in the
context of tailoring, Jaisalmer Fort,
Tailoring (Darzi) In India, The art and culture of
stitched clothes, Jaisalmer Fort,
Masterji, is a respectful and traditional way to
address a skilled craftsman or artisan, particularly in the
context of tailoring, Jaisalmer Fort,
Haveli palace window, 14th century Rajput
architecture, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Rajasthan textile carved blocks made of wood for
hand block printing on cloth, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Haveli palace, architectual hand carved sandstone
relief detail, 14th century, Jaisalmer Fort, India
Salvador Dali patio cover for porch, Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Wall mural of kalash vase with coconut,
representing abundance, prosperity, and spiritual purity,
Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Kalash pot holds a coconut, representing abundance,
prosperity, and spiritual purity, Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer,
India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents
of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents
of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
daughter, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
daughter, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents
of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with child,
local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Local child, of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mother wearing an embroidered sari with her
children, local residents of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Lady's wearing embroidered sari's, local residents
of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Tour guide with camels, outside Jaisalmer Fort, the
Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Tour guide with camels, outside Jaisalmer Fort, the
Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Tour guide with camels, outside Jaisalmer Fort, the
Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Camel tours outside of Jaisalmer Fort, through the
sand dunes of the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Tour guide with camels after tour, outside of
Jaisalmer Fort, the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
Camels after the tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort,
the Great Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India
I after the camel desert tour, outside of Jaisalmer
Fort, Jaisalmer, India
I saying good-bye to my camel after the desert
tour, outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Shadow of me in the sand taking pictures of Camels
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Rural village children in the Thar desert near
Jaisalmer, with mud huts, thatched roofs, and camels, Rajasthan,
India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Mud Huts with thatched roofs, in near by village
outside of Jaisalmer Fort, Jaisalmer, India
Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh("grand
garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas in
the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India
Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh("grand
garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas in
the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India
Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh("grand
garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas in
the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India
A Chhatri at Mandore, called a Cenotaph "empty
tomb", in Bada Bagh "Mandore Garden" built in the 18th century,
Jodpur, India
Cenotaphs ("empty tombs"), in Bada Bagh ("grand
garden") outside of Jaisalmer Fort, built by the Maharajas
during the 17th-19th century, Jaisalmer, India
Bara Bagh Royal Cenotaphs outside of Jaisalmer
Fort, built by the Maharajas in the 17th-19th century,
Jaisalmer, India
